Inhibitor

MLS-573151 | C4738-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.9908 Short Sumary: Cdc42 inhibitor Category: Cell Cycle/Checkpoint|Cdc42 Synonyms: N/A Formula: C21H19N3O2S N/A ...

Bafilomycin C1 | C4729-1 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) inhibitor Category: Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel|ATPase ...

Bafilomycin C1 | C4729-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) inhibitor Category: Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel|ATPase ...

4-methyl Erlotinib | C4727-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: EGFR inhibitor Category: Tyrosine Kinase|EGFR Synonyms: N/A Formula: C23H25N3O4 ...

4-methyl Erlotinib | C4727-1 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: EGFR inhibitor Category: Tyrosine Kinase|EGFR Synonyms: N/A Formula: C23H25N3O4 ...

4-methyl Erlotinib | C4727-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: EGFR inhibitor Category: Tyrosine Kinase|EGFR Synonyms: N/A Formula: C23H25N3O4 ...

Indomethacin heptyl ester | C4718-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: non-selective inhibitor of both COX-1 and COX-2 Category: Neuroscience|COX Synonyms:...

Indomethacin heptyl ester | C4718-50 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: non-selective inhibitor of both COX-1 and COX-2 Category: Neuroscience|COX Synonyms:...

Indomethacin heptyl ester | C4718-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: non-selective inhibitor of both COX-1 and COX-2 Category: Neuroscience|COX Synonyms: ...

L-threo-Sphingosine C-18 | C4717-100 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: protein kinase C inhibitor Category: TGF-β / Smad Signaling|PKC Synonyms: N/A ...

L-threo-Sphingosine C-18 | C4717-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: protein kinase C inhibitor Category: TGF-β / Smad Signaling|PKC Synonyms: N/A ...

L-threo-Sphingosine C-18 | C4717-50 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: protein kinase C inhibitor Category: TGF-β / Smad Signaling|PKC Synonyms: N/A ...

L-threo-Sphingosine C-18 | C4717-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: protein kinase C inhibitor Category: TGF-β / Smad Signaling|PKC Synonyms: N/A ...

Trimidox (hydrochloride) | C4714-25 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: specific ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor Category: Others|Reductases Synonyms: CF...

Trimidox (hydrochloride) | C4714-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: specific ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor Category: Others|Reductases Synonyms: CF...

Trimidox (hydrochloride) | C4714-50 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: specific ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor Category: Others|Reductases Synonyms: CF...

Trimidox (hydrochloride) | C4714-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: specific ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor Category: Others|Reductases Synonyms: CF...

4-phenyl-1,2,3-Thiadiazole | C4691-1000 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: selective inhibitor of certain CYP450 enzymes (CYP2B4, CYP2E1) Category: ...

4-phenyl-1,2,3-Thiadiazole | C4691-5000 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: selective inhibitor of certain CYP450 enzymes (CYP2B4, CYP2E1) Category: ...

Lavendustin C | C4688-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: inhibitor of Ca2+ calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) Category: Others|CaM kinase II ...

Lavendustin C | C4688-50 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: inhibitor of Ca2+ calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) Category: Others|CaM kinase II ...

Lavendustin C | C4688-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: inhibitor of Ca2+ calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) Category: Others|CaM kinase II ...

2-Acetamidophenyl 5-chloro-2-nitrophenyl sulfide | C4686-25 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7) inhibitor Category: Metabolism|PDE ...

2-Acetamidophenyl 5-chloro-2-nitrophenyl sulfide | C4686-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7) inhibitor Category: Metabolism|PDE ...

2-Acetamidophenyl 5-chloro-2-nitrophenyl sulfide | C4686-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7) inhibitor Category: Metabolism|PDE ...

H-8 (hydrochloride) | C4683-25 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: potent inhibitor of PKA and PKG Category: MAPK Signaling|PKA Synonyms: Protein Kinase...

H-8 (hydrochloride) | C4683-50 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: potent inhibitor of PKA and PKG Category: MAPK Signaling|PKA Synonyms: Protein Kinase...

EUK 124 | C4679-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: inhibitor of superoxide-mediated reduction of an electron acceptor Category: Others|SOD Synonyms:...

IOX4 | C4672-25 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: PHD2 inhibitor Category: Chromatin/Epigenetics|HIF Synonyms: N/A Formula: C15H16N6O3 N/A Molecular...

IOX4 | C4672-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: PHD2 inhibitor Category: Chromatin/Epigenetics|HIF Synonyms: N/A Formula: C15H16N6O3 N/A Molecular...

IOX4 | C4672-50 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: PHD2 inhibitor Category: Chromatin/Epigenetics|HIF Synonyms: N/A Formula: C15H16N6O3 N/A Molecular...

IOX4 | C4672-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: PHD2 inhibitor Category: Chromatin/Epigenetics|HIF Synonyms: N/A Formula: C15H16N6O3 N/A Molecular...

EUK 118 | C4669-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: inhibitor of superoxide-mediated reduction of an electron acceptor Category: Others|SOD Synonyms:...

EUK 118 | C4669-50 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: inhibitor of superoxide-mediated reduction of an electron acceptor Category: Others|SOD Synonyms:...

Ethyl-L-NIO (hydrochloride) | C4663-100 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: modestly selective NOS inhibitor Category: Others|nNOS Synonyms: L-N5-...

Ethyl-L-NIO (hydrochloride) | C4663-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: modestly selective NOS inhibitor Category: Others|nNOS Synonyms: L-N5-...

Ethyl-L-NIO (hydrochloride) | C4663-50 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: modestly selective NOS inhibitor Category: Others|nNOS Synonyms: L-N5-...

Ethyl-L-NIO (hydrochloride) | C4663-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: modestly selective NOS inhibitor Category: Others|nNOS Synonyms: L-N5-...

Propenyl-L-NIO (hydrochloride) | C4660-25 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 90.00% Short Sumary: iNOS inhibitor Category: Others|iNOS Synonyms: ENIPO Formula: ...

Propenyl-L-NIO (hydrochloride) | C4660-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 90.00% Short Sumary: iNOS inhibitor Category: Others|iNOS Synonyms: ENIPO Formula: ...

Propenyl-L-NIO (hydrochloride) | C4660-50 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 90.00% Short Sumary: iNOS inhibitor Category: Others|iNOS Synonyms: ENIPO Formula: ...

Propenyl-L-NIO (hydrochloride) | C4660-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 90.00% Short Sumary: iNOS inhibitor Category: Others|iNOS Synonyms: ENIPO Formula: ...

Cerulenin | C4653-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor Category: Others|FAS Synonyms: N/A Formula: C12H17NO3 N/A ...

Cerulenin | C4653-50 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor Category: Others|FAS Synonyms: N/A Formula: C12H17NO3 N/A ...

Cerulenin | C4653-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor Category: Others|FAS Synonyms: N/A Formula: C12H17NO3 N/A ...

β-Nicotyrine | C4647-25 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: N/A Short Sumary: cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 inhibitor Category: Metabolism|P450 Synonyms: ...

β-Nicotyrine | C4647-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: N/A Short Sumary: cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 inhibitor Category: Metabolism|P450 Synonyms: ...

β-Nicotyrine | C4647-1 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: N/A Short Sumary: cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 inhibitor Category: Metabolism|P450 Synonyms: ...

β-Nicotyrine | C4647-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: N/A Short Sumary: cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 inhibitor Category: Metabolism|P450 Synonyms: ...

NSC 210902 | C4638-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: CK2 inhibitor Category: PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling|CK2 Synonyms: N/A Formula: C14H9NO3 N/A ...

NSC 210902 | C4638-50 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: CK2 inhibitor Category: PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling|CK2 Synonyms: N/A Formula: C14H9NO3 N/A ...

NSC 210902 | C4638-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: CK2 inhibitor Category: PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling|CK2 Synonyms: N/A Formula: C14H9NO3 N/A ...

bpV (HOpic) (potassium salt, technical grade) | C4614-25 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.9964 Short Sumary: protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) inhibitor Category: ...

5-bromo-3-phenyl Salicylic Acid | C4610-25 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: AKR1C1 inhibitor Category: Others|Reductases Synonyms: N/A Formula: ...

5-bromo-3-phenyl Salicylic Acid | C4610-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: AKR1C1 inhibitor Category: Others|Reductases Synonyms: N/A Formula: ...

5-bromo-3-phenyl Salicylic Acid | C4610-1 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: AKR1C1 inhibitor Category: Others|Reductases Synonyms: N/A Formula: ...

5-bromo-3-phenyl Salicylic Acid | C4610-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: AKR1C1 inhibitor Category: Others|Reductases Synonyms: N/A Formula: ...

VEGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor II | C4603-1 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: VEGFR inhibitor Category: Tyrosine Kinase|VEGFR Synonyms: N/A Formula: ...

VEGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor II | C4603-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: VEGFR inhibitor Category: Tyrosine Kinase|VEGFR Synonyms: N/A Formula: ...

GSK-3β Inhibitor II | C4599-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: GSK-3β inhibitor Category: PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling|GSK-3 Synonyms: Tip-oxadiazole ...

GSK-3β Inhibitor II | C4599-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: GSK-3β inhibitor Category: PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling|GSK-3 Synonyms: Tip-oxadiazole ...

bis (7)-Tacrine | C4594-100 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: AChE inhibitor Category: Neuroscience|AChE Synonyms: ...

bis (7)-Tacrine | C4594-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: AChE inhibitor Category: Neuroscience|AChE Synonyms: ...

bis (7)-Tacrine | C4594-50 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: AChE inhibitor Category: Neuroscience|AChE Synonyms: ...

bis (7)-Tacrine | C4594-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: AChE inhibitor Category: Neuroscience|AChE Synonyms: ...

WZB117 | C4593-25 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.9986 Short Sumary: glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) inhibitor Category: Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel|Glucose Transporters...

WZB117 | C4593-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.9986 Short Sumary: glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) inhibitor Category: Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel|Glucose Transporters...

WZB117 | C4593-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.9986 Short Sumary: glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) inhibitor Category: Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel|Glucose Transporters ...

IKK-16 (hydrochloride) | C4569-25 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: IκB kinases (IKKs) inhibitor Category: Immunology/Inflammation|IκB/IKK Synonyms: IKK...

IKK-16 (hydrochloride) | C4569-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: IκB kinases (IKKs) inhibitor Category: Immunology/Inflammation|IκB/IKK Synonyms: IKK...

IKK-16 (hydrochloride) | C4569-50 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: IκB kinases (IKKs) inhibitor Category: Immunology/Inflammation|IκB/IKK Synonyms: IKK...

IKK-16 (hydrochloride) | C4569-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: IκB kinases (IKKs) inhibitor Category: Immunology/Inflammation|IκB/IKK Synonyms: IKK...

3-AP | C4564-25 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor and iron chelator with antitumor activity Category: ...

3-AP | C4564-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor and iron chelator with antitumor activity Category: ...

3-AP | C4564-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor and iron chelator with antitumor activity Category: ...

2,3-dihydrothieno-Thiadiazole Carboxylate | C4562-100 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: CYP450 enzymes (CYP2E1 and CYP2B4) inhibitor Category: ...

2,3-dihydrothieno-Thiadiazole Carboxylate | C4562-50 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: CYP450 enzymes (CYP2E1 and CYP2B4) inhibitor Category: Metabolism|P450...

Verruculogen | C4546-1 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: Maxi-K potassium channels inhibitor Category: Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel|Potassium...

Verruculogen | C4546-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: Maxi-K potassium channels inhibitor Category: Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel|Potassium...

AG-370 | C4539-25 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% (cis/trans mixture) Short Sumary: PDGFR inhibitor Category: Tyrosine Kinase|PDGFR Synonyms: NSC 651712 ...

AG-370 | C4539-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% (cis/trans mixture) Short Sumary: PDGFR inhibitor Category: Tyrosine Kinase|PDGFR Synonyms: NSC 651712 ...

AG-370 | C4539-1 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% (cis/trans mixture) Short Sumary: PDGFR inhibitor Category: Tyrosine Kinase|PDGFR Synonyms: NSC 651712 ...

AG-370 | C4539-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% (cis/trans mixture) Short Sumary: PDGFR inhibitor Category: Tyrosine Kinase|PDGFR Synonyms: NSC 651712 ...

N-Arachidonyl Maleimide | C4534-100 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) or MGL-like activity inhibitor Category: Metabolism|MGL ...

N-Arachidonyl Maleimide | C4534-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) or MGL-like activity inhibitor Category: Metabolism|MGL ...

N-Arachidonyl Maleimide | C4534-50 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) or MGL-like activity inhibitor Category: Metabolism|MGL ...

N-Arachidonyl Maleimide | C4534-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) or MGL-like activity inhibitor Category: Metabolism|MGL ...

2-Hydroxyestradiol | C4530-25 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: anti-cancer agent acting as an angiogenesis inhibitor via the HIF-1a pathway Category: ...

2-Hydroxyestradiol | C4530-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: anti-cancer agent acting as an angiogenesis inhibitor via the HIF-1a pathway Category: ...

2-Hydroxyestradiol | C4530-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: anti-cancer agent acting as an angiogenesis inhibitor via the HIF-1a pathway Category: ...

6,7-Dimethyltetrahydropterin (hydrochloride) | C4526-100 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: GTP cyclohydrolase I inhibitor Category: Metabolism|Hydrolase ...

6,7-Dimethyltetrahydropterin (hydrochloride) | C4526-500 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: GTP cyclohydrolase I inhibitor Category: Metabolism|Hydrolase ...

6,7-Dimethyltetrahydropterin (hydrochloride) | C4526-50 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: 0.98 Short Sumary: GTP cyclohydrolase I inhibitor Category: Metabolism|Hydrolase ...

3-bromo-5-phenyl Salicylic Acid | C4516-25 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: AKR1C1 inhibitor Category: Others|Reductases Synonyms: NSC 109116 ...

3-bromo-5-phenyl Salicylic Acid | C4516-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: AKR1C1 inhibitor Category: Others|Reductases Synonyms: NSC 109116 ...

3-bromo-5-phenyl Salicylic Acid | C4516-1 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: AKR1C1 inhibitor Category: Others|Reductases Synonyms: NSC 109116 ...

3-bromo-5-phenyl Salicylic Acid | C4516-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: AKR1C1 inhibitor Category: Others|Reductases Synonyms: NSC 109116 ...

cis-ACCP | C4501-10 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: type IV collagen-specific MMP-2 and MMP-9 inhibitor Category: Proteases|MMP Synonyms: N/A ...

cis-ACCP | C4501-50 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: type IV collagen-specific MMP-2 and MMP-9 inhibitor Category: Proteases|MMP Synonyms: N/A ...

cis-ACCP | C4501-5 | Gentaur US, UK & Europe Disrtribition Purity: ≥ 95.00% Short Sumary: type IV collagen-specific MMP-2 and MMP-9 inhibitor Category: Proteases|MMP Synonyms: N/A ...